Anandpur Sahib, reverently known as the "City of Bliss," stands as one of the most sacred pilgrimage centers for Sikhs globally. Founded by Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1665 and later developed by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, this holy city in Punjab's Rupnagar district holds immense historical, spiritual, and cultural significance.
Historical Significance of Anandpur Sahib
Foundation and Early Development
Originally named Chakk Nanaki in honor of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji's mother, Mata Nanaki Ji, Anandpur Sahib was established when the Guru purchased land on the banks of the Sutlej River in June 1665. According to historical accounts, when Raja Deep Chand, the ruler of Bilaspur died in April 1665, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to Bilaspur to pray. While there, the dowager Rani Champa (the queen of Bilaspur) heard that the Guru had decided to shift his headquarters to Dhamtan about 200 km away.
She approached the Guru's mother Mata Nanaki, and begged her to ask the Guru not to move away from Bilaspur. On his mother's request, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji agreed to stay back. He refused the Rani's offer of land and instead purchased some land around the ruins of the village of Makhowal for 2200 rupees from the Raja of Kahlur. This land consisted of the villages of Lodhipur, Mianpur, and Sahota.
The foundation stone was laid by Baba Gurditta Randhawa on June 19, 1665, at the present site of the Gurdwara Guru De Mahal. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji envisioned this place as a spiritual haven, a sanctuary for reflection and devotion away from political turmoil.
The Birthplace of the Khalsa
The most significant historical event associated with Anandpur Sahib occurred on Vaisakhi day in 1699, when Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa Panth. On this momentous occasion, the Guru called for volunteers willing to sacrifice their lives for their faith. The five brave souls who stepped forward became known as the Panj Pyare (Five Beloved Ones) and were initiated into the Khalsa through the Amrit Sanchar ceremony. This pivotal moment formalized Sikh identity and gave rise to the community's ethos of equality, courage, and devotion.
A Center of Resistance and Resilience
Under Guru Gobind Singh Ji's leadership, Anandpur Sahib transformed from a spiritual center into a fortress of Sikh resistance against Mughal oppression. The Guru constructed five defensive forts—Anandgarh, Kesgarh, Lohgarh, Fatehgarh, and Holgarh—to protect the city. The construction was started in 1689 and took over 10 years to complete. These forts witnessed numerous battles and sieges, including the famous Siege of Anandpur in 1704, which tested the resilience and courage of the Sikh community.
Sacred Gurdwaras and Historical Sites
Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib
Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib stands as one of the five Takhts (seats of authority) in Sikhism. This magnificent Gurdwara marks the site where Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa. The sanctum houses precious relics of the Guru, including his weapons and Sikh scriptures, reflecting the Miri-Piri (temporal and spiritual) aspects of the Sikh faith.
The Gurdwara building features Guru Gobind Singh's Khalsa, which includes his weapons and Sikh scriptures. One must experience meditating in this calm habitat for an enriching spiritual experience.
Gurdwara Guru Ke Mahal Complex
This complex comprises several historical Gurdwaras including Bhora Sahib, Thara Sahib, Damdama Sahib, and others. Gurdwara Bhora Sahib, situated in the middle of the compound, marks the actual residence of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. The basement (bhora) where the Guru meditated and composed sacred verses now enshrined in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji is particularly revered.
Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Akal Bunga
Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib commemorates the site where the martyred head of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was cremated after being brought from Delhi by a brave Sikh. It is believed to be the oldest surviving shrine in Anandpur Sahib.
Across from Sis Ganj Sahib stands Gurdwara Akal Bunga, marking the site where nine-year-old Guru Gobind Singh Ji delivered his first formal sermon to his followers after his father's martyrdom, counseling them to submit to Waheguru's will while preparing for the struggle against oppression.
The Five Historic Forts
The five forts constructed by Guru Gobind Singh Ji—Anandgarh, Kesgarh, Lohgarh, Fatehgarh, and Holgarh—stand as enduring symbols of the Sikh community's strength and strategic acumen. Although largely demolished after the Guru left Anandpur Sahib, Gurdwaras now mark these historic sites, preserving their legacy for future generations.
Cultural Celebrations and Festivals
Hola Mohalla: A Unique Martial Festival
Established by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the late 17th century, Hola Mohalla is celebrated annually in March, coinciding with the Hindu festival of Holi. This three-day festival showcases the martial spirit of the Sikh community through impressive demonstrations of traditional martial arts, horsemanship, and mock battles.
Hola Mohalla draws thousands of devotees from across the globe. The festival begins with early morning prayers and devotional hymns in Gurdwaras across Anandpur Sahib, followed by Nagar Kirtan processions through the streets.
The second day features martial displays by Nihang Singhs, warrior Sikhs known for their distinctive blue attire and traditional weapons. Mock battles, horseback riding displays, archery contests, and wrestling competitions showcase the physical prowess and military training that have been integral to Sikh tradition since Guru Gobind Singh Ji's time.
The final day honors warriors who sacrificed their lives for the faith, culminating in a grand Langar where free meals are served to all visitors regardless of background or belief, embodying the Sikh principle of equality and community service.
Vaisakhi Celebrations
Vaisakhi at Anandpur Sahib holds special significance as it commemorates the birth of the Khalsa. Devotees gather at Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib for special prayers and recitations from Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Many Sikhs choose this auspicious day to receive Amrit and formally join the Khalsa, continuing the tradition established by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Baisakhi in 1999 at Anandpur Sahib marked the completion of 300 years of the birth of the Khalsa. It was on Baisakhi day in 1699 that Guru Gobind Singh Ji baptized the Panj Pyaras at the place where Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib stands.
Modern Attractions
Virasat-e-Khalsa Museum
Inaugurated on November 25, 2011, the Virasat-e-Khalsa museum (formerly known as Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) is a magnificent repository of Sikh heritage and history. Designed by renowned architect Moshe Safdie, this architectural marvel chronicles 500 years of Sikh history through immersive exhibits across 27 galleries.
The museum's distinctive concave roofs, sheathed in stainless steel, reflect sunlight toward the Gurdwara and nearby fort, creating a stunning visual effect. Spread across a generous 6,500 sqm, the museum tells a memorable story of Punjab and Sikhism, using hand-crafted artifacts and the latest technology.
The museum gives visitors insight into the events that gave birth to Sikhism and the Khalsa Panth, highlighting the vision of the Gurus and their eternal message of peace and brotherhood. It is intended to commemorate 500 years of Sikh history and the 300th anniversary of the Khalsa.
There are two complexes at each side of a ravine, connected by a ceremonial bridge:
The smaller, western complex includes an entrance piazza, an auditorium with 400 seating-capacity, two-story research and reference library, and changing exhibition galleries.
The eastern complex contains a round memorial building as well as extensive, permanent exhibition space.
Spiritual Experience and Community Service
Langar and Seva
Central to all visits to Anandpur Sahib is participation in Langar (community kitchen) and Seva (selfless service). During major festivals, the city's Gurdwaras serve Langar to hundreds of thousands of visitors, embodying the Sikh principles of equality, humility, and service. Volunteers from all walks of life come together to prepare and serve these meals, creating a powerful demonstration of community spirit.
Spiritual Atmosphere
The atmosphere in Anandpur Sahib is imbued with devotion and history, making it a place where the past and present of Sikhism converge seamlessly. Visitors often describe feeling a profound sense of peace and connection to Sikh heritage while meditating in the Gurdwaras or walking the streets where the Gurus once walked.
How to Reach Anandpur Sahib
By Air
The nearest airport is at Chandigarh, approximately 100 km away.
By Rail
The nearest railway station is Sri Anandpur Sahib. There are 2 or 3 trains from Delhi, Ambala, and Chandigarh, which go directly to Nangal, which is close to Anandpur station.
By Road
Anandpur Sahib is 60 km from district headquarters and 102 km from Chandigarh. Shuttle bus services are available, making it convenient to commute from one place to another. Public and private buses ply to and from every main city in India.
Conclusion
Anandpur Sahib is not merely a historical site but a living embodiment of Sikh values, history, and spirituality. From the birth of the Khalsa to the preservation of Sikh martial traditions, from the architectural splendor of its Gurdwaras to the vibrant celebrations of Hola Mohalla, this sacred city offers a comprehensive experience of Sikh heritage.
For Sikhs worldwide, a pilgrimage to Anandpur Sahib provides an opportunity to connect with their roots, honor the sacrifices of the Gurus, and renew their commitment to Sikh principles. The city serves as a powerful reminder of the courage, resilience, and devotion that have characterized the Sikh community throughout its history.
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